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Ancient Mesopotamian epic about the legendary king Gilgamesh....
Author
Unknown
Era
21st Century BCE
Ancient Greek epic poem about the Trojan War, focusing on Achilles and the siege of Troy....
Author
Homer
Era
8th Century BCE
Epic tale of Odysseus's journey home after the Trojan War, filled with mythological encounters....
Author
Homer
Era
8th Century BCE
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Ancient Jewish apocalyptic text describing Enoch's heavenly journeys....
Author
Enoch (attributed)
Era
3rd Century BCE
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Babylonian creation myth describing the birth of the gods and cosmos....
Author
Unknown
Era
12th Century BCE
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Greek translation of Genesis revealing Hellenistic Jewish theological perspectives and early biblica...
Author
Ancient Hebrew Authors
Era
3rd Century BCE
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Ancient manuscript of Revelation containing unique textual variations and insights into early Christ...
Author
John of Patmos
Era
1st Century CE
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Collection of funerary spells and guidance for the afterlife journey, revealing ancient Egyptian cos...
Author
Ancient Egyptian Scribes
Era
16th Century BCE
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The first work of history in Western literature, chronicling the Greco-Persian Wars and ancient civi...
Author
Herodotus
Era
5th Century BCE
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Ancient Aboriginal creation stories and law from the Dreamtime....
Author
Aboriginal Elders
Era
Paleolithic
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Groundbreaking work on historiography and sociology, considered a precursor to modern social science...
Author
Ibn Khaldun
Era
14th Century CE
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Pre-colonial Philippine writing system found on various artifacts....
Author
Pre-colonial Filipino Scribes
Era
13th Century CE
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Early Geez texts including royal inscriptions and religious materials....
Author
Axumite Scribes
Era
2nd Century BCE
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Ancient Lithuanian folk songs preserving pre-Christian Baltic traditions....
Author
Baltic Folk Tradition
Era
6th Century CE
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Commercial correspondence along the Silk Road trade routes....
Author
Sogdian Merchants
Era
4th Century CE
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Revelation dialogue between Jesus and John about the nature of reality and spiritual liberation....
Author
Unknown Gnostic Author
Era
4th Century CE
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Ancient inscriptions in Aquitanian, ancestor of modern Basque....
Author
Ancient Basque Peoples
Era
2nd Century BCE
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Vedic text containing spells, charms, and early medical knowledge with practical applications....
Author
Atharvan Priests
Era
12th Century BCE
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Babylonian flood myth and creation story predating biblical accounts, containing detailed divine cou...
Author
Unknown Babylonian Scribes
Era
18th Century BCE
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Complete Zoroastrian scriptures including Yasna, Visperad, and Vendidad....
Author
Zoroaster and Priests
Era
11th Century BCE
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Zoroastrian sacred texts containing dualistic theology, ethics, and cosmic battle concepts....
Author
Zoroaster (Zarathustra)
Era
7th Century BCE
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Canaanite mythology about the storm god Baal and Mot....
Author
Unknown
Era
12th Century BCE
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Central text of Rabbinic Judaism containing discussions of Jewish law....
Author
Various Rabbis
Era
3rd-5th Centuries CE
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Hindu-Buddhist texts written on lontar palm leaves in Bali....
Author
Balinese Brahmin Priests
Era
9th Century CE
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Old English epic poem about the hero Beowulf and his battles with monsters....
Author
Anonymous
Era
8th Century CE
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Hindu scripture dialogue between Prince Arjuna and Krishna on duty, righteousness, and spiritual lib...
Author
Traditional: Vyasa
Era
4th Century BCE
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Ancient Egyptian funerary spells and instructions for the afterlife....
Author
Various Scribes
Era
13th Century BCE
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Collection of Maya prophetic and historical texts....
Author
Maya Priests
Era
16th-18th Centuries CE
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Collection of ogham stone inscriptions from Ireland and Britain....
Author
Celtic Scribes
Era
5th Century BCE
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Fragmentary Hellenistic religious text influential in later Neoplatonism....
Author
Julian the Chaldean
Era
3rd Century BCE
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Andean ceremonial center inscriptions encoding astronomical observations and shamanic practices....
Author
Chavín Priest-Astronomers
Era
9th Century BCE
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Ancient Cherokee creation stories and oral traditions....
Author
Cherokee Elders
Era
11th Century BCE
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Inscriptions on Zhou Dynasty ritual bronze vessels recording ceremonies and genealogies....
Author
Zhou Dynasty Artisans
Era
11th Century BCE
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Ancient Babylonian law code, one of the earliest written legal documents....
Author
King Hammurabi
Era
18th Century BCE
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Ancient Mesopotamian law code containing 282 laws covering justice, trade, and social hierarchy with...
Author
King Hammurabi of Babylon
Era
18th Century BCE
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One of the most important Greek manuscripts of the Christian Bible....
Author
Various Scribes
Era
4th Century CE
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Ancient Greek Bible manuscript housed in the Vatican Library....
Author
Various Scribes
Era
4th Century CE
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Collection of funerary spells written on coffins and tomb walls....
Author
Various Scribes
Era
21st Century BCE
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Gaulish lunisolar calendar demonstrating sophisticated Celtic astronomical knowledge....
Author
Celtic Druids
Era
3rd Century BCE
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Caesar's first-hand account of his military campaigns in Gaul (modern France)....
Author
Julius Caesar
Era
1st Century BCE
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Rule book of the Qumran community detailing their religious practices and organization....
Author
Qumran Community
Era
1st Century BCE
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Unique metal scroll listing locations of hidden temple treasures and gold....
Author
Temple Authorities
Era
1st Century CE
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Legal and theological text describing the history and laws of the Damascus covenant community....
Author
Qumran Community
Era
2nd Century BCE
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Foundation myths of ancient Korea and the legendary Dangun....
Author
Korean Oral Tradition
Era
6th Century BCE
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Fundamental text of Taoism on the way of nature and virtue....
Author
Laozi (老子)
Era
4th Century BCE
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Buddhist inscriptions from Dvaravati kingdom in central Thailand....
Author
Mon-Khmer Scribes
Era
7th Century CE
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Inscriptions from Kofun period burial mounds and early Yamato court....
Author
Yamato Court Scribes
Era
5th Century CE
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Hindu-Buddhist inscriptions from early Javanese kingdoms....
Author
Javanese Hindu Kings
Era
5th Century CE
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Early royal inscriptions from pre-Angkorian Khmer kingdoms....
Author
Funan and Chenla Kings
Era
3rd Century CE
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Foundational texts of Hindu philosophy exploring consciousness, reality, and the nature of existence...
Author
Various Vedic Sages
Era
8th Century BCE
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Comprehensive medical papyrus with 877 prescriptions and magical formulas....
Author
Egyptian Medical School
Era
16th Century BCE
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Earliest known surgical treatise, describing 48 cases of injuries and treatments....
Author
Unknown Egyptian Physician
Era
17th Century BCE
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Advanced surgical manual with 48 cases covering brain surgery, trauma treatment, and anatomical know...
Author
Unknown Egyptian Physician
Era
17th Century BCE
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Detailed instructions for constructing river and sea vessels....
Author
Egyptian Shipwrights
Era
16th Century BCE
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Technical documents describing pyramid and temple construction techniques....
Author
Egyptian Architects
Era
15th Century BCE
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Collection of Old Norse mythological and heroic poems....
Author
Anonymous Skaldic Poets
Era
9th Century CE
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Early runic inscriptions on stones, weapons, and jewelry....
Author
Germanic Rune Masters
Era
3rd Century BCE
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Foundational alchemical text: "As above, so below."...
Author
Hermes Trismegistus (attributed)
Era
7th Century BCE
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Comprehensive documentation of Aztec culture, religion, and daily life....
Author
Bernardino de Sahagún & Nahuatl Scribes
Era
16th Century CE
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Direct teachings of Zoroaster on monotheism, free will, and cosmic justice predating similar concept...
Author
Zoroaster (Zarathustra)
Era
7th Century BCE
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First book of the Hebrew Bible, containing creation stories and early human history....
Author
Traditional: Moses
Era
12th Century BCE
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Gospel featuring Mary Magdalene as recipient of special revelation from Jesus....
Author
Unknown Gnostic Author
Era
4th Century CE
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Gnostic text on sacraments, spiritual marriage, and the relationship between Jesus and Mary Magdalen...
Author
Unknown Gnostic Author
Era
4th Century CE
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Collection of 114 sayings attributed to Jesus, emphasizing direct spiritual knowledge....
Author
Attributed to Thomas
Era
4th Century CE
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Poetic meditation on spiritual awakening and the nature of divine truth....
Author
Attributed to Valentinus
Era
4th Century CE
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Revolutionary monotheistic hymn praising the sun disk with advanced ecological and theological conce...
Author
Akhenaten (Pharaoh)
Era
14th Century BCE
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Comprehensive legal code covering civil, criminal, and religious law....
Author
Hittite Legal Scholars
Era
16th Century BCE
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Progressive legal code emphasizing restitution over punishment, with detailed regulations on propert...
Author
Hittite Legal Scribes
Era
17th Century BCE
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Religious ceremonies, purification rituals, and festival calendars....
Author
Hittite Priests
Era
15th Century BCE
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Ancient musical notation and hymns to Hurrian deities....
Author
Hurrian Musicians
Era
14th Century BCE
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Gnostic interpretation of Genesis revealing the nature and origin of the archons (rulers)....
Author
Unknown Gnostic Author
Era
4th Century CE
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Ancient divination text and philosophical work on cosmology and change....
Author
Various Sages
Era
10th Century BCE
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Ancient Chinese divination text and treatise on cosmology and philosophy....
Author
Traditional: King Wen of Zhou
Era
10th Century BCE
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Inca record-keeping system using knotted strings (quipu)....
Author
Inca Quipucamayocs
Era
13th Century CE
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Undeciphered script from Harappan civilization seals and tablets....
Author
Harappan Scribes
Era
26th Century BCE
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Ancient Egyptian wisdom text on ethics, leadership, and social harmony containing sophisticated mora...
Author
Ptahhotep (Vizier)
Era
25th Century BCE
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Ancient Inuit stories, legends, and survival wisdom....
Author
Inuit Elders
Era
21st Century BCE
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Constitutional framework of the Iroquois Confederacy....
Author
Haudenosaunee Peacemaker
Era
12th Century CE
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Earliest known gynecological text with advanced understanding of female reproductive health and cont...
Author
Unknown Egyptian Physicians
Era
19th Century BCE
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Earliest known gynecological text, dealing with womens health issues....
Author
Egyptian Physicians
Era
19th Century BCE
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Ancient Finnish-Karelian epic songs that inspired the Kalevala....
Author
Finnish-Karelian Singers
Era
6th Century CE
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Ethiopian text about the Queen of Sheba and Ark of the Covenant....
Author
Unknown
Era
14th Century CE
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Ethiopian text claiming the Queen of Sheba's relationship with King Solomon and Ethiopian royal line...
Author
Anonymous
Era
14th Century CE
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Oldest surviving chronicle in Japan, recording ancient Japanese mythology and early history....
Author
Ō no Yasumaro
Era
8th Century CE
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Earliest chronicle of Japanese myths, legends, and early history....
Author
Ō no Yasumaro
Era
8th Century CE
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Hawaiian creation chant describing the birth of the universe....
Author
Hawaiian Kahuna
Era
6th Century CE
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Oldest complete Hebrew Bible manuscript with Masoretic text....
Author
Samuel ben Jacob
Era
11th Century CE
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Undeciphered Minoan script from Crete administrative centers....
Author
Minoan Scribes
Era
16th Century BCE
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Administrative records from Mycenaean palace at Pylos....
Author
Palace Scribes
Era
15th Century BCE
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Traditional Malagasy oral histories and genealogies from Madagascar....
Author
Malagasy Griots
Era
6th Century CE
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Traditional Māori creation stories and genealogies....
Author
Māori Tohunga
Era
9th Century CE
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Administrative correspondence from the palace of Mari....
Author
Palace Officials
Era
18th Century BCE
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Authoritative Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible with vowel points....
Author
Masoretes
Era
10th Century CE
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Ancient Egyptian wisdom text on proper conduct and ethics....
Author
Ptahhotep
Era
24th Century BCE
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Personal reflections of the Roman Emperor on Stoic philosophy and self-improvement....
Author
Marcus Aurelius
Era
2nd Century CE
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Confucian philosophical work on human nature and governance....
Author
Mencius (孟子)
Era
3rd Century BCE
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Royal inscriptions and religious texts from the Kingdom of Kush....
Author
Kushite Scribes
Era
4th Century BCE
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Royal inscriptions describing construction of palaces, temples, and ziggurats....
Author
Various Kings and Architects
Era
21st Century BCE
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Runic inscriptions on gold bracteates with magical formulas....
Author
Germanic Craftsmen
Era
5th Century BCE
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Diplomatic letters between Mitanni and Egyptian pharaohs....
Author
King Tushratta
Era
14th Century BCE
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Contains problems on geometry including the first known calculation of surface area....
Author
Egyptian Mathematicians
Era
19th Century BCE
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Babylonian astronomical compendium listing stars, constellations, and calendar....
Author
Babylonian Astronomers
Era
8th Century BCE
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Cultural and astronomical significance of the Nazca Lines....
Author
Nazca People
Era
3rd Century CE
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Second oldest chronicle of Japanese history and mythology....
Author
Prince Toneri
Era
8th Century CE
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Classic Greek tragedy about fate, free will, and the tragic downfall of King Oedipus....
Author
Sophocles
Era
5th Century BCE
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Earliest writing system in Mesoamerica from Olmec civilization....
Author
Olmec Scribes
Era
7th Century BCE
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Early Mesoamerican writing system with advanced calendrical and astronomical calculations....
Author
Olmec Scribes/Shamans
Era
10th Century BCE
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Comprehensive Gnostic account of the creation and structure of the material world....
Author
Unknown Gnostic Author
Era
4th Century CE
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Collection of Middle Eastern folk tales, including Aladdin, Ali Baba, and Sinbad....
Author
Various
Era
9th Century CE
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Earliest Chinese writing system used for royal divination during Shang Dynasty....
Author
Shang Dynasty Diviners
Era
13th Century BCE
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Earliest known Chinese writing system recording royal divination queries about weather, warfare, and...
Author
Shang Dynasty Diviners
Era
13th Century BCE
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Royal inscriptions of the First Turkic Khaganate in Mongolia....
Author
Göktürk Khans
Era
8th Century CE
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Collection of 87 hymns to various deities in the Orphic tradition....
Author
Orphic Tradition
Era
6th Century BCE
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Collection of manuscript fragments including early Gospel texts....
Author
Various
Era
1st-4th Centuries CE
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Commentary on the Book of Habakkuk with contemporary historical interpretations....
Author
Qumran Commentator
Era
1st Century BCE
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Ancient navigation techniques and maritime trade route descriptions....
Author
Phoenician Navigators
Era
9th Century BCE
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Extended dialogue between Jesus and disciples about the fall and redemption of Sophia....
Author
Unknown Gnostic Author
Era
3rd-4th Century CE
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Babylonian mathematical tablet with Pythagorean triples....
Author
Babylonian Mathematicians
Era
19th Century BCE
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Collection of Old Norse poems about gods and heroes from Norse mythology....
Author
Anonymous
Era
10th Century CE
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Foundational work of literary theory, analyzing the principles of drama, tragedy, and epic poetry....
Author
Aristotle
Era
4th Century BCE
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Ancient Polynesian wayfinding techniques and star navigation....
Author
Polynesian Navigators
Era
11th Century BCE
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Maya creation mythology and heroic narratives of the K'iche' people....
Author
Unknown K'iche' authors
Era
16th Century CE
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Maya creation mythology and heroic narratives of the Hero Twins....
Author
Anonymous Maya
Era
10th Century CE
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Collection of Norse mythology, including stories of gods, creation, and Ragnarök....
Author
Snorri Sturluson
Era
13th Century CE
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Early undeciphered writing system from ancient Iran....
Author
Elamite Scribes
Era
33rd Century BCE
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Early Slavic inscriptions before Christianization....
Author
Early Slavic Tribes
Era
6th Century CE
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Origin stories from Ancestral Puebloan peoples of the Southwest....
Author
Ancestral Puebloan Elders
Era
6th Century CE
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Oldest known religious texts, carved in pyramid walls....
Author
Unknown
Era
24th Century BCE
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Earliest known religious texts, containing spells for pharaonic afterlife journey and detailed cosmo...
Author
Egyptian Priests
Era
24th Century BCE
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Comprehensive history of China from the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of Han....
Author
Sima Qian (司馬遷)
Era
2nd Century BCE
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Ancient Egyptian mathematics textbook with 87 problems and solutions....
Author
Ahmes the Scribe
Era
17th Century BCE
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Oldest Vedic text containing 1,028 hymns with advanced cosmology, mathematics, and consciousness stu...
Author
Various Vedic Rishis
Era
15th Century BCE
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Undeciphered writing system from Easter Island wooden tablets....
Author
Rapa Nui Scribes
Era
13th Century CE
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Collection of quatrains by the Persian polymath, translated by Edward FitzGerald....
Author
Omar Khayyam
Era
11th Century CE
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Inscriptions and symbols on Scythian metalwork and textiles....
Author
Scythian Artisans
Era
7th Century BCE
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Book of Illumination - early Kabbalistic work on divine emanations....
Author
Unknown
Era
12th Century CE
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Book of Creation - earliest Kabbalistic text on cosmology and creation....
Author
Abraham (attributed)
Era
2nd-6th Centuries CE
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Greek translation of Hebrew Bible used by early Christians....
Author
70 Translators
Era
3rd Century BCE
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Epic poem chronicling the history of Persia from creation to the Arab conquest....
Author
Ferdowsi
Era
11th Century CE
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Collected shamanic chants and rituals from Siberian peoples....
Author
Siberian Shamans
Era
11th Century BCE
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Dialogue between the resurrected Jesus and his disciples about divine wisdom and cosmology....
Author
Unknown Gnostic Author
Era
4th Century CE
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Chronicle of Sumerian rulers with extraordinary reign lengths, mentioning pre-flood dynasties and te...
Author
Sumerian Scribes
Era
21st Century BCE
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Irish epic preserving Iron Age Celtic culture, warrior codes, and druidical knowledge systems....
Author
Irish Monastic Scribes
Era
8th Century BCE (oral), 12th Century CE (written)
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Foundational text of Taoism, exploring the nature of the Tao (the Way) and wu wei....
Author
Laozi
Era
4th Century BCE
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Royal edict establishing succession laws and documenting Hittite history with constitutional monarch...
Author
King Telepinu
Era
16th Century BCE
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Longest Dead Sea Scroll containing laws for temple construction and ritual purity....
Author
Qumran Community
Era
2nd Century BCE
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Collection of hymns and prayers expressing thanksgiving and divine revelation....
Author
Teacher of Righteousness and Qumran Community
Era
1st Century BCE
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Roman epic poem telling the legendary story of Aeneas, Trojan hero and founder of Rome....
Author
Virgil
Era
1st Century BCE
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Collection of sayings and teachings of Confucius on ethics, morality, and governance....
Author
Confucius
Era
4th Century BCE
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Collection of sayings and ideas of Confucius on ethics and morality....
Author
Confucius (孔子)
Era
5th Century BCE
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Historical account of the Roman Empire from Tiberius to Nero, known for its literary style....
Author
Tacitus
Era
1st Century CE
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Ancient Chinese military treatise on strategy, tactics, and philosophy of warfare....
Author
Sun Tzu
Era
5th Century BCE
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Ancient Chinese military treatise on strategy, tactics, and warfare philosophy....
Author
Sun Tzu (孫子)
Era
6th Century BCE
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Ancient Hebrew apocalyptic religious text, describing Enoch's journeys through heaven....
Author
Traditional: Enoch
Era
3rd Century BCE
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Illuminated manuscript containing the four Gospels with Celtic art and ornamentation....
Author
Celtic Monks
Era
9th Century CE
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Ancient Egyptian funerary text containing spells and instructions for the afterlife journey....
Author
Anonymous
Era
13th Century BCE
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One of the earliest and most complete legal documents, establishing laws and punishments....
Author
King Hammurabi
Era
18th Century BCE
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Ancient Hebrew manuscripts including biblical texts and community rules from Qumran....
Author
Qumran Community
Era
2nd Century BCE
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Sumerian myth of the goddess Inanna's journey to the underworld....
Author
Unknown
Era
19th Century BCE
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One of the earliest works of literature, telling of Gilgamesh's quest for immortality....
Author
Anonymous
Era
21st Century BCE
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West African epic about Sundiata Keita, founder of the Mali Empire, preserved through oral tradition...
Author
Griot Oral Tradition
Era
13th Century CE
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Complete scroll of the Book of Isaiah, oldest known manuscript of a complete biblical book....
Author
Isaiah and Qumran Scribes
Era
2nd Century BCE
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Epic poem of the Trojan War containing advanced military tactics, metallurgy, and psychological insi...
Author
Homer (Ὅμηρος)
Era
8th Century BCE
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Ancient Egyptian wisdom text offering moral and practical advice for living....
Author
Ptahhotep
Era
24th Century BCE
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Classic English translation of the Bible, influential in English literature and culture....
Author
Various
Era
17th Century CE
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Collection of Welsh mythological tales, including stories of King Arthur and Celtic gods....
Author
Anonymous
Era
11th Century CE
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Welsh mythological tales preserving Celtic cosmology, magic systems, and Iron Age cultural memory....
Author
Welsh Storytellers
Era
6th Century BCE (oral), 14th Century CE (written)
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Massive Sanskrit epic including the Bhagavad Gita, telling of the great war between royal cousins....
Author
Traditional: Vyasa
Era
4th Century BCE
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Epic of Odysseus's journey home containing advanced navigation, geography, and cultural knowledge....
Author
Homer (Ὅμηρος)
Era
8th Century BCE
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Trilogy of Greek tragedies dealing with justice, revenge, and the transformation of society....
Author
Aeschylus
Era
5th Century BCE
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The oldest known religious texts in the world, carved in pharaohs' pyramid chambers....
Author
Anonymous
Era
24th Century BCE
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Ancient Sanskrit epic narrating the journey of Prince Rama to rescue his wife Sita....
Author
Valmiki
Era
4th Century BCE
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Socratic dialogue concerning justice and the ideal state, including the famous Allegory of the Cave....
Author
Plato
Era
4th Century BCE
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Often considered the world's first novel, depicting court life in Heian-era Japan....
Author
Murasaki Shikibu
Era
11th Century CE
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Considered the world's first novel, depicting Heian court life....
Author
Murasaki Shikibu
Era
11th Century CE
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Collection of philosophical texts that form the basis of Hindu philosophy and Vedanta....
Author
Various Sages
Era
8th Century BCE
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Systematic account of Greek cosmogony and divine genealogies with proto-scientific creation concepts...
Author
Hesiod (Ἡσίοδος)
Era
8th Century BCE
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Gold tablets with instructions for the souls journey in the afterlife....
Author
Thracian Mystics
Era
5th Century BCE
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Stone inscriptions and early records from Korean Three Kingdoms period....
Author
Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla Scribes
Era
2nd Century BCE
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Poetic revelation speech by a divine feminine figure expressing paradoxical wisdom....
Author
Unknown Gnostic Author
Era
4th Century CE
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Traditional Melanesian ceremonial practices and beliefs....
Author
Melanesian Elders
Era
21st Century BCE
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Account of Nubian conquest of Egypt demonstrating advanced military strategy and cultural synthesis....
Author
Piye (Nubian King)
Era
8th Century BCE
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Apocalyptic text describing the final battle between the Sons of Light and Sons of Darkness....
Author
Qumran Community
Era
1st Century BCE
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Agricultural calendar and moral instruction containing advanced farming techniques and metallurgical...
Author
Hesiod (Ἡσίοδος)
Era
8th Century BCE
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Hymns to various Zoroastrian yazatas (divine beings)....
Author
Zoroastrian Priests
Era
9th Century BCE
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Ancient Zapotec inscriptions from Monte Albán ceremonial center....
Author
Zapotec Rulers
Era
6th Century BCE
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Ancient Bon religious texts from Zhang Zhung kingdom in Tibet....
Author
Bon Masters
Era
6th Century BCE
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Bronze vessel inscriptions recording ceremonies, lineages, and land grants with early political phil...
Author
Zhou Dynasty Craftsmen
Era
11th Century BCE
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Foundational work of Jewish mysticism and Kabbalah....
Author
Moses de León (attributed to Shimon bar Yochai)
Era
13th Century CE
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